Table 4.5.1. Major epidemics and pandemics in human history
Name Time Period Type/Pre-Human Host Death Toll
Antonine Plague 165–180 Believed to be smallpox or measles 5 million
Plague of Justinian 541–542 Yersinia pestis bacteria/rats, fleas 30–50 million
Japanese Smallpox Epidemic 735–737 Variola major virus 1 million
Black Death 1347–1351 Yersinia pestis bacteria/rats, fleas 200 million
New World Smallpox Outbreak 1520 onwards Variola major virus 56 million
Great Plague of London 1665 Yersinia pestis bacteria/rats, fleas 100,000
Italian Plague 1629–1631 Yersinia pestis bacteria/rats, fleas 1 million
Cholera Pandemics 1–6 1817–1923 V. cholerae bacteria 1+ million
Third Plague 1885 Yersinia pestis bacteria/rats, fleas 12 million (China and India)
Yellow Fever Late 1800s Virus/Mosquitos 100,000–150,000 (U.S.)
Russian Flu 1889–1890 Believed to be H2N2 (avian origin) 1 million
Spanish Flu 1918–1919 H1N1 virus/Pigs 40–50 million
Asian Flu 1957–1958 H2N2 virus 1.1 million
Hong Kong Flu 1968–1970 H3N2 virus 1 million
HIV/AIDS 1981–present Virus/Chimpanzees 25–35 million
SARS 2002–2003 Coronavirus/Bats, civets 770
Swine Flu 2009–2010 H1N1 virus/Pigs 200,000
Ebola 2014–2016 Ebola virus/Wild Animals 11,000
MERS 2015–present Coronavirus/Bats, camels 850
COVID-19 2019–present Coronavirus/Unknown (possibly bats) 1.9 million (as of Jan 10, 2021)
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