What does it mean graphically to say that a function \(f\) is differentiable at \(x = a\text{?}\) How is this connected to the function being locally linear?
How are the characteristics of a function having a limit, being continuous, and being differentiable at a given point related to one another?
In this section we aim to determine whether or not the function has a derivative \(f'(a)\) at \(x = a\text{.}\)
We recall that a function \(f\) is said to be differentiable at \(x = a\) if \(f'(a)\) exists. Moreover, for \(f'(a)\) to exist, we know that the graph of \(y = f(x)\) must have a tangent line at the point \((a,f(a))\text{,}\) since the value of \(f'(a)\) is precisely the slope of this line. Observe that in order to ask if \(f\) has a tangent line at \((a,f(a))\text{,}\) it is necessary for \(f\) to be continuous at \(x = a\text{:}\) if \(f\) fails to have a limit at \(x = a\text{,}\) if \(f(a)\) is not defined, or if \(f(a)\) does not equal the value of \(\displaystyle \lim_{x \to a} f(x)\text{,}\) then it doesn't make sense to talk about a tangent line to the curve at this point.
Indeed, it can be proved formally that if a function \(f\) is differentiable at \(x = a\text{,}\) then it must be continuous at \(x = a\text{.}\) Stated differently, if \(f\) is not continuous at \(x = a\text{,}\) then it is automatically the case that \(f\) is not differentiable there. For example, in Figure2.26 below, both \(f\) and \(g\) fail to be differentiable at \(x = 1\) because neither function is continuous at \(x = 1\text{.}\)
A natural question to ask at this point is is there a difference between continuity and differentiability?
In other words, can a function fail to be differentiable at a point where the function is continuous? To answer these questions, we consider a certain function \(f\text{,}\) where the graph of \(y=f(x)\) is displayed below in Figure2.27. We notice that \(f\) has a sharp corner at the point \((1,1)\text{,}\) and further observe that \(f\) is continuous at \(x=1\) since \(\displaystyle \lim_{x\to1} f(x)=1=f(1)\text{.}\)
However, the function \(f\) in Figure2.27 is not differentiable at \(x = 1\) because \(f'(1)\) fails to exist. One way to see this is to observe that \(f'(x) = -1\) for every value of \(x\) that is less than 1, while \(f'(x) = +1\) for every value of \(x\) that is greater than 1. That makes it seem that either \(+1\) or \(-1\) would be equally good candidates for the value of the derivative at \(x = 1\text{.}\) Alternatively, we could use the limit definition of the derivative to attempt to compute \(f'(1)\text{,}\) and discover that the derivative does not exist. Finally, we can see visually in Figure2.27 that this function does not have a tangent line at \(x=1\text{.}\) Regardless of how closely we examine the function by zooming in on \((1,1)\) on the graph of \(y=f(x)\text{,}\) it will always look like a V
and never like a single line, which tells us there is no possibility for a tangent line there.
Another example of when a function can fail to be differentiable at a point \(x=a\) is if the function has a vertical tangent at the point. In other words, when \(f\) is continuous at \(x=a\) and \(\displaystyle \lim_{x\to a}|f'(x)|=\infty\text{.}\) This means the tangent lines become very steep as we move closer to \(x=a\text{.}\)
In this example, let \(f(x)=\sqrt{x}\text{.}\)
In Figure2.29 below, we have the graph of \(y=f(x)\) along with a progression of tangent lines at points approaching \((0,0)\) on the graph. As we approach \(x=0\text{,}\) we see that the tangent lines drawn become steeper and steeper, ultimately leading to a vertical tangent line at \(x=0\text{.}\)
We can also show this by calculating the limit of the derivative close to \(x=0\text{:}\)
Therefore, \(f(x)\) is not differentiable at \(x=0 \text{.}\)
To summarize the preceding discussion of differentiability, we make several important observations.
If \(f\) is differentiable at \(x = a\text{,}\) then \(f\) is continuous at \(x = a\text{.}\) Equivalently, if\(f\) fails to be continuous at \(x = a\text{,}\) then \(f\) will not be differentiable at \(x = a\text{.}\)
A function can be continuous at a point without being differentiable there. In particular, a function \(f\) is not differentiable at \(x = a\) if the graph has a sharp corner (or cusp) at the point \((a,f(a))\text{.}\)
If \(f\) is differentiable at \(x = a\text{,}\) then \(f\) is locally linear at \(x = a\text{.}\) In other words, a differentiable function looks linear when viewed up close because it resembles its tangent line at any given point of differentiability.
In this example, let \(f\) be the function whose graph is given below in Figure2.31.
State all values of \(a\) for which \(f\) is not continuous at \(x = a\text{.}\) For each, provide a reason for your conclusion.
State all values of \(a\) for which \(f\) is not differentiable at \(x = a\text{.}\) For each, provide a reason for your conclusion.
State all values of \(a\) for which \(f\) is not differentiable, but is continuous at \(x = a\text{.}\) Think about why this is the case.
At \(a = -2 \text{,}\) \(\displaystyle \lim_{x\to-2}f(x)\) does not exist; at \(a=-1\text{,}\) \(\displaystyle \lim_{x\to-1}f(x)\neq f(-1)\text{;}\) at \(a=2\text{,}\) \(\displaystyle \lim_{x\to2}f(x)\) does not exist; at \(a=3\text{,}\) \(f(3)\) is undefined.
\(a = -2, -1, 2, 3\text{,}\) because \(f\) is not continuous at these points; \(a=-3,1\text{,}\) because \(f\) does not have a tangent line at these points.
\(a = -3,1\text{.}\)
\(f\) is not continuous at \(a = -2, 2\) because at each of these points \(\displaystyle \lim_{x\to a}f(x)\) does not exist. \(f\) is not continuous at \(a = -3\) because \(\displaystyle \lim_{x\to -1}f(x)=-3.5\text{,}\) but \(f(-1)=1\text{.}\) \(f\) is not continuous at \(a=3\) because \(f(3)\) is not defined.
\(f\) is not differentiable at \(a = -2, -1, 2, 3\) because at each of these points \(f\) is not continuous. In addition, \(f\) is not differentiable at \(a = -3\) and \(a = 1\) because the graph of \(f\) has a corner point (or cusp) at each of these values.
The only two points where \(f\) is continuous but not differentiable are \(a=-3,1\text{.}\) This is because of the corner point (or cusp). These points fit the criteria for continuity, but there is no discernible tangent line.
True or false: if a function \(p\) is differentiable at \(x = b\text{,}\) then \(\displaystyle \lim_{x \to b} p(x)\) must exist. Write at least one sentence to justify your choice.
What does being differentiable at a point tell you about continuity there?
True.
We know that a function \(f\) is continuous whenever it is differentiable, and that one characteristic of \(f\) being continuous at \(x=a\) is that \(\displaystyle \lim_{x\to a}f(x)\) exists. Therefore the statement if a function \(p\) is differentiable at \(x = b\text{,}\) then \(\displaystyle \lim_{x \to b} p(x)\) must exist
is true.
A function \(f\) is differentiable at \(x = a\) whenever \(f'(a)\) exists, which means that \(f\) has a tangent line at \((a,f(a))\) and thus \(f\) is locally linear at \(x = a\text{.}\) Informally, this means that the function looks like a line when viewed up close at \((a,f(a))\) and that there is not a corner point or cusp at \((a,f(a))\text{.}\)
Differentiability is a stronger condition than continuity, which is a stronger condition than having a limit. In particular, if \(f\) is differentiable at \(x = a\text{,}\) then \(f\) is also continuous at \(x = a\text{,}\) and if \(f\) is continuous at \(x = a\text{,}\) then \(f\) has a limit at \(x = a\text{.}\)
A continuous function fails to be differentiable at any point where the graph has a corner point or cusp, or where the graph has a vertical tangent line.
Consider the graph of the function \(y = p(x)\) that is provided in Figure2.33. Assume that each portion of the graph of \(p\) is a straight line, as pictured.
State all values of \(a\) for which \(\lim_{x \to a} p(x)\) does not exist.
State all values of \(a\) for which \(p\) is not continuous at \(a\text{.}\)
State all values of \(a\) for which \(p\) is not differentiable at \(x = a\text{.}\)
On the axes provided in Figure2.33, sketch an accurate graph of \(y = p'(x)\text{.}\)
For each of the following prompts, give an example of a function that satisfies the stated criteria; a formula or a graph, with reasoning, is sufficient for each. If no such example is possible, explain why.
A function \(f\) that is continuous at \(a = 2\) but not differentiable at \(a = 2\text{.}\)
A function \(g\) that is differentiable at \(a = 3\) but does not have a limit at \(a=3\text{.}\)
A function \(h\) that has a limit at \(a = -2\text{,}\) is defined at \(a = -2\text{,}\) but is not continuous at \(a = -2\text{.}\)
A function \(p\) that satisfies all of the following:
\(p(-1) = 3\) and \(\lim_{x \to -1} p(x) = 2\)
\(p(0) = 1\) and \(p'(0) = 0\)
\(\lim_{x \to 1} p(x) = p(1)\) and \(p'(1)\) does not exist
Consider the function \(g(x) = \sqrt{|x|}\text{.}\)
Use a graph to explain visually why \(g\) is not differentiable at \(x = 0\text{.}\)
Use the limit definition of the derivative to show that
Investigate the value of \(g'(0)\) by estimating the limit in (b) using small positive and negative values of \(h\text{.}\) For instance, you might compute \(\frac{\sqrt{|-0.01|}}{0.01}\text{.}\) Be sure to use several different values of \(h\) (both positive and negative), including ones closer to 0 than 0.01. What do your results tell you about \(g'(0)\text{?}\)
Use your graph in (a) to sketch an approximate graph of \(y = g'(x)\text{.}\)
